A Peltier cooler is an electronic component that transfers heat. It can maintain a temperature difference between its two ends. When the hot-side temperature (Th) reaches 50°C, this temperature difference can exceed 75°C (for single-stage devices).

As heat is continuously removed from the hot side, heat is consistently pumped away from the cold side. The rate of heat pumping is related to the power of the device—generally, the higher the power, the greater the rate. To achieve an optimal balance between cooling performance and cost, the following four specifications are critical when selecting a semiconductor cooling device:

1. Dimensions Standard devices are typically square, but rectangular, circular, and multi-stage pagoda-shaped designs are also available. The thickness of a single-stage device is approximately 3–5 mm, while double or multi-stage devices are nearly multiples of 3 mm.

2. Maximum Cooling Capacity (Qmax) This refers to the maximum amount of heat that can be pumped from the cold side when the hot-side temperature is maintained at 27°C (or 50°C). In practical applications, the actual cooling capacity is often much lower than this value. The maximum cooling capacity is generally used to compare the cooling performance of different device models.

3. Maximum Temperature Difference Voltage (Vmax) The device’s ability to maintain a temperature difference between its two ends is proportional to the applied DC voltage. The voltage required to achieve the maximum temperature difference is called the maximum temperature difference voltage. Exceeding this voltage will reduce the temperature difference. The maximum cooling capacity is measured at this voltage. In actual use, the applied voltage should be lower than Vmax, typically within 70%–80% of the maximum voltage. If a smaller temperature difference is required, an even lower voltage may be used, resulting in a corresponding reduction in both the maximum achievable temperature difference and cooling capacity. This parameter indicates the suitable voltage range for device operation.

4. Maximum Temperature Difference Current (Imax) The maximum temperature difference current is a key indicator for determining the power of the device. It is sometimes expressed in terms of resistance. This value represents the current under the maximum temperature difference voltage when the cold and hot side temperatures are both 27°C (i.e., zero temperature difference). During operation, the current should generally be lower than this value, and the actual operating current decreases as the temperature difference increases or the hot-side temperature rises. This parameter provides an intuitive representation of the device’s power rating and indicates the suitable current range for operation.

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